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NOUN CLAUSES

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

my his / her
your my / his / her / our / their
our their
▪ “My research suggests that there is a correlation between exercise and improved cognitive function,” said the
professor.
The professor said that her research suggested that there was a correlation between exercise and improved cognitive
function.

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
myself himself / herself
yourself / yourselves myself / himself / herself / ourselves / themselves
ourselves themselves
▪ “I feel nervous before the exam and I use some relaxation techniques to calm myself down,” said the participant in
the survey.
The participant in the survey said that she felt nervous before the exam and she used some relaxation techniques to
calm herself down.
Tense Changes in Reported Speech

Direct Speech Reported Speech Examples
“I study every day,” she said. † She said she studied every
Present Simple Past Simple
day.
“I am studying right now,” he said. † He said he was stud-
Present Continuous Past Continuous
ying right then.
“I have completed my project,” they said. † They said they
Present Perfect Past Perfect
had completed their project.
“I have been working on this for two hours,” she said. † She
Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
said she had been working on it for two hours.
“I went to the store yesterday,” he said. † He said he had
Past Simple Past Perfect
gone to the store the day before.
“I was reading when she came in,” he said. † He said he had
Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
been reading when she came in.
“I had finished the report before the meeting,” she said. † She
Past Perfect Past Perfect
said she had finished the report before the meeting.
“I had been waiting for an hour when he arrived,” she said. †
Past Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
She said she had been waiting for an hour when he arrived.
“I will help you tomorrow,” he said. † He said he would help
Future Simple would
me the next day.
“I will be working at that time,” she said. † She said she
Future Continuous would be V
ing would be working at that time.
“I will have finished by then,” he said. † He said he would
Future Perfect would have + V
3 have finished by then.
“I will have been studying for six hours,” she said. † She
Future Perfect Continuous would have + been + V
ing said she would have been studying for six hours.

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