Page 98 - BACKUP ENGLISH | PREPARATORY CLASS

THEME 8 EMERGENCY AND HEALTH PROBLEMS

Structure

Giving advice
“should / ought to / had better”
We use “should / ought to” and “had better” when we think that doing something is a good idea.
Dialogue 1 Dialogue 2

Ceren: I have a terrible headache. Ann: I always get up late and miss the bus
Sally: You should take an aspirin. Mark: You had better go to bed early.

Giving instructions
We use “V ” and “do not V ” to give instructions.
1 1
“Hurry up.” “Do not shout at me.” “Open the door.” “Do not drive too fast.”

Obligations
We use “have to” and “must” to express obligations.
We must wear the safety belt in the car.
You have to dress formally for the meeting.

“Have to” can change into other tenses.
Last year, we had to wear masks.
Next week, we will have to finish our projects.

We use “do not have to / do not need to” for the things that we are not obliged to do.
It is Sunday tomorrow, so you do not have to go to school.
We use “must not” for prohibitions.
You must not cross the street when the traffic light is red for the passengers.

The Present Perfect Tense

We use the Present Perfect Tense to talk about life experiences. It also shows that an action is completed but still has some
importance in the present time.
AFFIRMATIVE

I / You / We / They have
ridden a bike before.
He / She / It has

NEGATIVE

I / You / We / They haven‘t
ridden a bike before.
He / She / It hasn’t

INTERROGATIVE
Have I / you / we / they
ridden a bike before?
Has he / she / it

My uncle has travelled all over the world. Have you ever seen a snake? Mr Green has never tried Chinese food.

We use the Present Perfect Tense for an action that happened in the past, but we do not say exactly when it happened.
I have seen this film before. (before = at any time before now)
Common time expressions with the Present Perfect Tense are ”since / for / yet / just / already / ever / never / recently / lately /
up to, now / so far / until now / It’s the first time / this morning, this evening, this month, this year” (if these periods of time are not
completed).

96 English for Preparatory Class