Page 213 - Grammar For YDT - 12

GERUNDS & INFINITIVES

8. Progressive, Passive and Perfect Forms of Infinitives

bare infinitive
Please let me know if there is anything I can do to help.
(verb)

to infinitive Desert areas at higher elevations sometimes receive additional rainfall
(to + verb) to sustain plant life.
progressive infinitive Climate change appears to be causing reduced snowfall, and thus less
(to + be V ) total water available for an expanding population.
ing

passive infinitive If marine ecosystems continue to be destroyed, the consequences will
(to + be + past participle) be catastrophic for the entire planet.

perfect infinitive Many threatened species share certain characteristics that seem to have
(to + have + past participle) increased their risk of going extinct.

perfect passive infinitive The corrections were said to have been made completely to improve the
(to + have been + past participle) accuracy of the document.

perfect progressive infinitive The couple is thought to have been living in the small town for over a
(to + have been V ) decade, but no one really knows much about them.
ing
“Infinitive” yapısının “progressive” biçimi: (to) be + V
ing
▪ The little kids who listened to the story of Little Red Riding Hood seemed to be enjoying it a lot.

(Kırmızı Başlıklı Kız masalını dinleyen küçük çocuklar çok eğleniyor gibiydiler.) Video 10.12
▪ This time next week, we will be moving into our new place.
▪ You must be thinking about all the possible risks that come with dropping out of college.

“Infinitive” yapısının “passive” biçimi: (to) be + past participle
▪ Sam expects to be rewarded with a promotion for his hard work and dedication.
(Sam, sıkı çalışması ve bağlılığının bir terfi ile ödüllendirilmesini bekliyor.)

▪ The technical staff should be given clear instructions on how to use the resources and training to their fullest
potential.

“Infinitive” yapısının “perfect” biçimi: (to) have + past participle
▪ We could have won if we had practiced harder.
▪ The shipment, which includes a variety of items, was supposed to have arrived yesterday.
“Infinitive” yapısının “perfect passive” biçimi: (to) have been + past participle
▪ The company might have been mismanaged, leading to its demise.

▪ Families are delighted to have been invited to the graduation ceremony for their children.
▪ Citizens who lost their homes in the fire are pleased to have been helped by the government’s prompt assistance.
“Infinitive” yapısının “perfect progressive” biçimi: (to) have been + V
ing
▪ The little girl is happy to have been drawing pictures with her brand-new crayons all day.
▪ Adele looked tired; she must have been waiting for the bus for a long time.

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