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NOUN CLAUSES

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
my his / her
your my / his / her / our / their

our their
▪ “My research suggests that there is a correlation between exercise and improved cognitive function,” said the
professor.
The professor said that her research suggested that there was a correlation between exercise and improved
cognitive function.
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

myself himself / herself
yourself / yourselves myself / himself / herself / ourselves / themselves

ourselves themselves
▪ “I feel nervous before the exam and I use some relaxation techniques to calm myself down,” said the participant in
the survey.
The participant in the survey said that she felt nervous before the exam and she used some relaxation techniques
to calm herself down.

Tense Changes in Reported Speech

Direct Speech Reported Speech Example

“I study every day,” she said. † She said she studied
Present Simple Past Simple every day.

“I am studying right now,” he said. † He said he was
Present Continuous Past Continuous studying right then.
“I have completed my project,” they said. † They said
Present Perfect Past Perfect they had completed their project.

“I have been working on this for two hours,” she said. †
Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous She said she had been working on it for two hours.

“I went to the store yesterday,” he said. † He said he had
Past Simple Past Perfect gone to the store the day before.
“I was reading when she came in,” he said. † He said he
Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous had been reading when she came in.

“I had finished the report before the meeting,” she said. †
Past Perfect Past Perfect She said she had finished the report before the meeting.

“I had been waiting for an hour when he arrived,” she said. †
Past Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
She said she had been waiting for an hour when he arrived.
“I will help you tomorrow,” he said. † He said he would
Future Simple Would help me the next day.

“I will be working at that time,” she said. † She said she
Future Continuous Would be V
ing would be working at that time.
“I will have finished by then,” he said. † He said he
Future Perfect Would have + V would have finished by then.
3
“I will have been studying for six hours,” she said. †
Future Perfect Continuous Would have + been + V
ing She said she would have been studying for six hours.

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