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NOUN CLAUSES

▪ Direct Speech: “We have measured the effects of pollution on local water sources.”
Reported Speech: The scientist reported that they had measured the effects of pollution on local water sources.
▪ Direct Speech: “The soil was contaminated by industrial waste.”
Reported Speech: The researchers reported that the soil had been contaminated by industrial waste.
▪ Direct Speech: “We will need to address the impacts of climate change on agriculture in the next decades.”
Reported Speech: The environmentalists argued that they would need to address the impacts of climate change
on agriculture in the following decades.
Other Changes in Reported Speech

Direct Speech Reported Speech
am / is / are going to was / were going to
can could
could* could
must / have to had to
don't have to didn’t have to
should / ought to / had better* should / ought to / had better
may might
might* might
used to* used to

*ile gösterilen “modal verb”lerde “reported speech”te herhangi bir değişiklik olmamaktadır.
▪ Direct Speech: “It might possible to reduce the effects of deforestation by planting more trees,” said the
conservationist.
Reported Speech: The conservationist said that it might be possible to reduce the effects of deforestation by
planting more trees.
▪ Direct Speech: “I must write my essay before the deadline,” said Amy.
Reported Speech: Amy said that she had to write her essay before the deadline.
Change of Time Expressions in Reported Speech

Direct Speech (original statement) Reported Speech (indirect statement)
now then
today that day
yesterday the previous day
tomorrow the following day
last week the previous week
next week the following week
ago before
this / that week the week before / after
this / that month the month before / after
this / that year the year before / after
now (for future arrangements) then (for future arrangements)
at present at that time
soon shortly after
a week ago a week before
a month ago a month before
a year ago a year before
Zaman ifadelerindeki kesin değişikliklerin bağlama ve konuşmacının niyetine bağlı olarak değişebileceğine dikkat etmek gerekir.

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