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7. Octopuses are very intelligent animals with such good 10. Toxic chemical contamination caused by decaying metal
camouflage skills that _______. water pipes and forever chemicals is a serious problem
for water systems of urban areas _______.
A) according to the researchers, there are roughly 300
species of octopus in the world A) since the water level in the dams is gradually decreasing
B) they are known to be venomous, but most of them are not B) as they increase the risk of cancer and some other illnesses
fatally dangerous C) because it can be considered as one of the important
C) though they are solitary, they sometimes tend to interact consequences of global warming
with other octopuses D) although most of us are aware of what we eat
D) some species, like the North Pacific Giant Octopus, can E) due to the rapid spread of organic farming in rural areas
live as long as five years
E) they can emit a cloud of black ink that obscures them and
dulls the predator’s smelling abilities

8. Unless new and more effective interventions are found to 11. Openness to experience and seeking novelty tend to
treat or prevent Alzheimer’s disease, _______. decrease with age; _______.

A) it negatively affects individuals’ functioning and quality of A) for this reason, curiosity is the driving force of the learning
life, creating a burden and stress on the entire family journey
B) people who exercise have a lower risk of cognitive decline B) therefore, this change may be the reason for the loss in our
than people who do not exercise sense of curiosity as we get older
C) its prevalence is expected to increase dramatically with the C) accordingly, the basis of curiosity is the need to access
ageing population in the USA and worldwide information
D) experts are optimistic about Alzheimer’s therapies that can D) on the other hand, curiosity activates regions of the brain
halt or significantly delay its progression that are active in the expectation of reward
E) people with memory loss or other possible signs of E) hence, thanks to the latest imaging systems, we can know
Alzheimer’s may find it hard to recognise they have a what happens in our brains at the moment of curiosity
problem

9. Palaeontology is concerned with the study of living 12. Unlike renewable energy, which is currently the cheapest
organisms of the past and can be a subfield of biology; source of electricity in most regions, _______.
_______.
A) nuclear power facilities now account for 11 per cent of
A) on the other side, fossil evidence shows how organisms worldwide electricity production
changed over time and what Earth looked like long ago B) industrialisation has progressed primarily due to massive
B) therefore, modern palaeontologists examine each ring energy consumption
on the oyster’s surface to determine how long it lived and C) electrolysis for green hydrogen production requires
under what conditions massive cost reduction
C) thus, some ancient scholars such as Herodotus wrote D) the types of hydroelectric facilities are impoundment,
about fossils of marine organisms, indicating that the land diversion, and pumped storage
was once under water
E) energy can never be generated or destroyed, but it can be
D) however, its historical development has been closely transformed into another form
linked to the efforts to understand the history of Earth itself
E) nevertheless, paleontological observations are documented
th
back to the 5 century BC

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