Page 41 - Konu Özetleri YDT İngilizce

ENGLISH

KONU PERFECT & PROGRESSIVE MODALS
ÖZETİ
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PERFECT MODALS
Perfect modals, geçmişte yapılması gereken, yapılmış veya yapılmamış eylemleri ifade etmek için kullanılır. Olması gereken
ama gerçekleşmeyen durumları ya da geçmişteki eylemlerle ilgili güçlü çıkarımları belirtir.
Structure of Making Deductions about Past Events
must have + past participle (V ) mustn't have + past participle (V )
3 3
can’t have + past participle (V ) couldn't have + past participle (V )
3 3
Geçmişe yönelik çok güçlü çıkarım yapılan durumlarda “yapmış olmalı” anlamında must have V yapısı kullanılır.
3
♦ It must have taken a great time to build the pyramids because such constructions at that time were totally dependent
on manpower.
♦ Although our team lost their first three matches in a row, they won the last one. They must have trained hard for it.
Geçmişe yönelik olumsuz bir çıkarım yaparken "yapmış olmamalı" anlamında must not have V , "yapmış olamaz"
3
anlamında can't / couldn't have V kullanılır.
3
♦ The authorities in the area where the flood occurred mustn’t have taken the necessary measures beforehand.
♦ Most of the students have little idea about the plot of the book. They can’t have read the whole book.
Structure of Making Speculations about Past Events
may have + past participle (V ) might have + past participle (V )
3 3
may not have + past participle (V ) might not have + past participle (V )
3 3
could have + past participle (V ) would have + past participle (V )
3 3
Geçmişte bir durum ya da olayla ilgili tahmin ve ihtimallerden bahsederken "yapmış olabilir" anlamında may have V ,
3
might have V , could have V yapıları kullanılır.
3 3
♦ There was no declaration after yesterday’s talks, but it is assumed that the two sides may / might have reached an
agreement.
♦ I don’t know for sure, but your friend Samantha could have been in an operation when you called her.
Geçmişteki bir durumla ilgili olumsuz ihtimallerden söz ederken may not have V ve might not have V yapıları kullanılır.
3 3
♦ As my family live in a rather new and sturdy bungalow, they may not have felt the earthquake that happened last
night.
♦ You don’t need to be too concerned about your best friend; she might not have seen your message because of a
variety of reasons.
Geçmişe yönelik eleştiri yaparken might have V ve could have V yapıları kullanılabilir. Ancak geçmişe yönelik
3
3
pişmanlıktan bahsederken could have V kullanılır.
3
♦ He could / might have apologised for his mistake instead of ignoring it. (criticism)
♦ I could have invested in that startup years ago, but I hesitated, and now I realize I missed a great opportunity. (regret)

Would have V , geçmişte gerçekleşmemiş bir durumu ifade ederken; genellikle koşul anlatan cümlelerde ya da
3
ifadelerde kullanılır. Beraber kullanıldığı eyleme olumlu cümlelerde “olmuş olurdu ama olmadı”, olumsuz cümlelerde
ise “olmamış olurdu ama oldu” anlamını katar.
♦ If companies had taken immediate action before the financial crisis, they would have doubled their value.
♦ We didn’t know we wouldn’t have the chance to go on vacation in the summer. Otherwise, we wouldn’t have made
a reservation at a five-star hotel paying a great sum of money.
Structure of Making Criticism about Past Events
should have + past participle (V ) shouldn't have + past participle (V )
3 3
ought to have + past participle (V ) ought not to have + past participle (V )
3
3
Geçmişe yönelik eleştirilerde should have V ya da ought to have V yapısı “yapmalıydın ama yapmadın”; shouldn’t
3 3
have V ya da ought not to have V yapısı “yapmamalıydın ama yaptın” anlamında kullanılır.
3 3
♦ You should have foreseen that such a decision could cause the company to end up in a situation like this.
♦ The coach shouldn’t have changed three players at a time; he has been claimed responsible for the loss by the board.
ENGLISH - YDT MEBİ KONU ÖZETLERİ 41