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THEME 4 MINI DICTIONARY
ENGLISH to cause pain or trouble to
afflict (v)
somebody or something
In 1918, the Spanish flu afflicted
more than a third of the world’s
population.
apparent (adj)
easy to see or understand
It is apparent from ancient tools
that farming methods changed
over time.
break out (phr v)
(of war, fighting, or other
unpleasant events) to start
suddenly
World War I broke out in 1914
and impacted millions of
people’s lives.
catastrophic (adj)
causing sudden and big harm or
destruction
The catastrophic flood ruined
the historical monument.
collapse (n)
the sudden failure of a system,
organisation, business, etc.
The collapse of the Roman
Empire was a result of economic
weakening.
compile (v)
to make a book, list, etc. by
collecting information
Art historians compiled some
facts for a book on famous
paintings.
confidential (adj)
secret or private
A confidential document
uncovered the secrets of
ancient rulers.
consecutively (adv)
in a way that follows one after
another in a continuous series
Powerful rulers consecutively
governed ancient China.
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construct (v) eventually (adv)
in the end
to build or make something
After long discussions, the
The ancient Egyptians
unite their powers.
religious purposes.
constructed pyramids for leaders eventually agreed to
counter (v) exactly (adv)
to act in opposition to something in a complete and correct way
The king’s advisor countered Experts look into the bones of
the new policy, as he had an ancient animals to exactly
alternative solution. determine their age.
cultivation (n) excavation (n)
the use of land for growing plants the act of digging in the ground to
The cultivation of wheat was the discover very old objects
main agricultural activity in Excavations around the
Anatolia. pyramids revealed several
hidden chambers.
deploy (v)
to move soldiers or equipment to expansion (n)
make them ready to use the act of making something
The commander deployed his bigger in size, number, or amount
army alongside the enemy’s The expansion of trade routes
border. allowed people to access goods
from different regions.
derive from (phr v)
to come or develop from something exposure (n)
The principles of democracy the fact of experiencing something
derive from ancient Greek new or different
political philosophy. Exposure to traditional artworks
in museums increases cultural
devastation (n) understanding.
when severe conditions like war
or extreme weather affect a place go away (phr v)
The war brought widespread to leave a person or place
devastation to the city and left After the Turkish nation’s
buildings in ruins. victory, the enemy forces had
to go away.
drastically (adv)
in a way that can have a strong or gorgeous (adj)
serious effect very beautiful or attractive
The Industrial Revolution Ancient Greece left behind
drastically changed traditional gorgeous examples of classical
production methods. architecture.
draw on (phr v) hardly (adv)
to use a supply of something as a almost not
source The archaeologist had hardly
The early Mesopotamians drew seen such well-preserved
on rivers to irrigate their crops. ancient artefacts before.
end up (phr v)
to finally be in a particular place
or situation
After the last battle, the empire
ended up losing a lot of land.