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THEME 4 MINI DICTIONARY
impartial (adj) negotiation (n) settlement (n)
refusing to choose any of the sides a formal discussion between a place where people come to live
Türkiye did not take part in sides to reach an agreement The Mesopotamians
World War II and stayed The negotiations between established agricultural
impartial. the two countries aimed to find settlements alongside rivers.
a solution.
indigenous (adj) subsequent (adj)
coming originally from a particular obsolete (adj) coming after something
place; native no longer in use; out of date The book is about the Treaty of
Oral traditions are very Printed encyclopaedias have Versailles and its subsequent
important in indigenous become obsolete in the age of effects on global politics.
Australian culture. the Internet.
surround (v)
inhabit (v) permanent (adj) to stand on all sides of a place
to live in a place lasting for a long time or forever The army of enemies
Many civilisations, like the Some communities did not have surrounded the castle so the
Sumerians, inhabited permanent homes; they always defenders could not escape.
Mesopotamia. lived in different places.
take over (phr v)
initially (adv) primitive (adj) to take control of something
at the beginning very simple; not developed The king took over the city with
Alexandria was initially a small Early humans used primitive his intelligence and military
town, but it quickly became a stone tools to hunt. strategy.
cultural centre.
pull down (phr v) turn down (phr v)
intervention (n) to destroy to not accept an offer or request
the act of involving to improve or The Ottomans used powerful The queen turned down the
help a situation cannons to pull down the walls peace treaty because of the
The diplomatic intervention of of Constantinople. bad terms in it.
neighbouring nations ended
the kingdoms’ war. reflect on (phr v) undoubtedly (adv)
to influence people’s opinions of in a certain way; definitely
invasion (n) a person, group, etc. The discovery of fire was
the act of an army entering The royal family’s expensive undoubtedly the most important
another country by force lifestyle badly reflects on their development in history.
China built the Great Wall to image.
protect itself from northern vanish (v)
invasions. remain (v) to disappear suddenly
to stay in the same way; to not Some cities in history vanished
look to (phr v) change because of natural disasters.
to consider something and think The chateau remained in good
about how to make it better shape even after centuries. widely (adv)
The ruler looked to ways of by a lot of people; in or to many
improving the city’s defences. roughly (adv) places
not exactly; more or less With the spread of the printing
migrate (v) Archaeologists believe that press, books became widely
to move from one country or these clay tablets are roughly available.
place to another 4,000 years old.
During the Age of Exploration,
many Europeans migrated to separately (adv)
the Americas. not together; singly
Analysing historical eras
separately helps us understand
each period better.
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