Page 57 - Grammar For YDT - 11

MODAL VERBS

“Be expected to” yapısı, bir şeyin olmasının beklendiği durumlarda kullanılır.
All the content developers are expected to join the seminar about how to organise new lessons for the undergraduate
students.
“Be supposed to / be to” yapıları, yasalar veya kurallar nedeniyle yapılması beklenen işleri ifade etmek için
kullanılır.
According to the new regulation, all employees are to complete training on recycling by the end of the month.
Passengers are supposed to present a valid ID card before the flight.

“Be about to” yapısı, “bir şeyi yapmak üzere olmak” anlamında kullanılır.
The concert is about to start, as the orchestra has tuned its instruments and the lights have dimmed.
The athletes were about to start the marathon when it began to rain heavily.

13. Perfect Modals (modal + have + V )
3
A. Making Deductions about Past Events
Bu yapılar, geçmiş ile ilgili çıkarımda bulunulan durumlar için kullanılır.

Must have + past participle (V )
3
Emin olunan durumlarda, olumlu cümlelerde kullanılır. Video 3.14
The mechanic examined the car’s engine, and all the parts looked brand new. Someone must have repaired it before.
Can’t have + past participle (V ) / Couldn’t have + past participle (V )
3 3
Geçmişte bir şeyin olmadığından emin olunan durumlarda kullanılır.
The research assistant knows very little about the experiment. He can’t have read the whole report about it.
As the accountant double-checked the calculations, the mistake in the accounts couldn’t have resulted from a
calculation error.
B. Making Speculations about Past Events
Might have + past participle (V ) / Could have + past participle (V )
3 3
“Might have V / could have V ” geçmişte gerçekleşmemiş bir ihtimali ifade eder. Ayrıca, beraber kullanıldığı
3 3
eyleme “olabilirdi ama olmadı” anlamını katar.
The meetings could have resulted in an agreement, but misunderstandings hindered progress.
The talented musician might have gained fame by joining a famous band, but he chose to pursue a solo career
instead.
May have + past participle (V )
3
Geçmişteki bir durumla ilgili ihtimallerden söz ederken kullanılır. Olumsuz ihtimallerde ise “may not have V ”
3
ve “might not have V ” kullanılır.
3
The detective noticed a footprint near the window. He thought that the burglar may have entered the house that way.
As they were unfamiliar with the local customs, they might not have realised that photographing in that area was
considered disrespectful.
C. Expressing Lack of Necessity in the Past
Needn’t have + past participle (V )
3
Bu yapı, geçmişte bir şeyin yapılmasına gerek olmadığı hâlde yapıldığını belirtmek için kullanılır.
You needn’t have taken notes because the instructor was going to provide detailed handouts at the end of the lesson.

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