Page 148 - READING COMPANION TO ENGLISH EXAMS

For the questions 11–15, choose the best word For the questions 16–20, choose the best word
or expression to fill the spaces in the passage. or expression to fill the spaces in the passage.

One of the most critical global issues threatening Phobias are characterised by intense and
basic human rights is climate change. Rising irrational fears (16)‑‑‑‑ specific objects, situations,
temperatures, extreme weather events, and sea- or activities, which can significantly impact an
level rise are causing displacement and food scarcity, individual’s daily functioning. These fears can
particularly affecting (11)‑‑‑‑ populations. On top of affect anyone, (17)‑‑‑‑ age, gender, or social
that, air pollution (12)‑‑‑‑ the burning of fossil fuels background, but they are notably prevalent during
is responsible for respiratory diseases, especially in adolescence, typically between the ages of 15
densely populated urban areas. In addition, water and 20, or during childhood. (18)‑‑‑‑, individuals
scarcity, worsened by changing precipitation patterns can experience multiple phobias, as the presence
and increased demand, threatens access (13)‑‑‑‑ of one increases the probability of developing
clean drinking water and sanitation for the millions. others. The development of phobias is influenced
These environmental challenges are closely linked by a combination of genetic, environmental, and
to human rights (14)‑‑‑‑ they undermine the rights psychological factors, as well as exposure to
to life, health, and an adequate standard of living. traumatic events or observational learning. When
(15)‑‑‑‑ protecting the rights of the underprivileged (19)‑‑‑‑ with the phobic stimulus, individuals may
and ensuring a brighter future, we need to roll up experience panic attacks, an increased heart rate,
our sleeves and work towards sustainable solutions and a strong urge to avoid the feared situation.
for clean air, the availability of clean water, and the Exposure therapy, which gradually exposes
preservation of our planet. individuals to their fears either in real life or
through virtual reality, (20)‑‑‑‑ effective in treating
11. specific phobias, including acrophobia (fear of
A) vulnerable B) irreversible heights), aviophobia (fear of flying), and others.
C) disgraceful D) indigenous 16.

E) resilient A) through B) within
C) among D) towards
12. E) beyond
A) to have stemmed from
B) to stem from 17.
A) instead of B) regardless of
C) having stemmed from
C) as well as D) in the case of
D) stemming from
E) except for
E) to be stemming from
18.
13.
A) with B) for A) Furthermore B) That is to say
C) As a result D) For instance
C) over D) by
E) In contrast
E) to
19.
14.
A) confronted B) burdened
A) as much as B) in that
C) rewarded D) compared
C) as long as D) unless
E) collided
E) while

20.
15.
A) On behalf of B) For all A) was being proved B) would be proved
C) has been proved D) had been proved
C) In pursuit of D) But for
E) will have been proved
E) Thanks to
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