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3.3 AMERICAS

Residents of Canada: The Indigenous Peoples

The Indigenous peoples of Canada, including First Nations, Inuit, and Métis, possess a rich and diverse
cultural heritage that spans thousands of years. They have demonstrated remarkable resilience in the face
(1)
of historical injustices and continue to thrive as vibrant communities. Their cultural heritage incorporates
a wide array of languages, traditions, art forms, and spiritual practices. Indigenous languages, with over
sixty specific ones spoken, hold deep significance as vessels of cultural identity and are being earnestly
(2)
preserved and revitalised. Artistic expressions, such as intricate beading, carving, and storytelling, reflect the
deep connections to the land, ancestral wisdom, and vibrant narratives of their traditions. Indigenous peoples’
spirituality is intertwined with nature, promoting harmony, and respect for the environment. Throughout history,
they have been custodians of the land, emphasising sustainable practices and traditional knowledge.
(3)
However, Indigenous communities still live through social and economic disparities, including limited access
to education, healthcare, and economic opportunities. Ongoing efforts are being made towards reconciliation,
(4)
cultural rejuvenation, and the assertion of Indigenous rights and self-determination, aiming to draw up a more
(5)
equitable and inclusive society. Undoubtedly, the resilience, cultural heritage, and struggles of the Indigenous
peoples of Canada serve as a testament to their enduring presence and contributions to the country’s
multicultural fabric.

a Choose the antonyms of the highlighted and numbered words and phrases in the passage.

1. A survive B cease C complete D identify

2. A truthfully B seriously C thoughtfully D insincerely
3. A contemporary B tribal C historical D conventional

4. A establish B demonstrate C demolish D exaggerate
5. A definitely B sceptically C unconsciously D inevitably

b Complete the sentences with the correct forms of the highlighted words and phrases in the
passage.

1. The ceremonies of First Nations often incorporate practices that foster a deep
connection to the natural world.
2. Many Indigenous communities in Canada continue to rely on hunting, fishing, and gathering as a means of
sustenance, as they have done for generations.
3. The nature of traditions ensures their enduring presence across generations, binding
communities together with shared customs and values.
4. Growing up during wars, the children of the past generation many difficult experiences
that taught them the true value of resilience and perseverance.
5. Canadians have built a(n) society that embraces diversity, promotes inclusivity, and
fosters a sense of community based on mutual respect and understanding.
6. Recognising the vital significance of maintaining cultural continuity, native tribes make
efforts to preserve their languages and traditions for future generations.
7. Members of the local council a comprehensive plan for sustainable land management,
reflecting their commitment to preserving the environment.
8. The richness brought to Canadian culture by native people’s contributions to art,
literature, and music enhances the nation’s creative landscape with diverse perspectives and narratives.
9. Exploring one’s can provide a deep sense of connection, allowing individuals to
uncover their roots and appreciate the cultural legacy passed down through generations.
10. In recent years, natives have their culture within modern life and taken part in the
decision-making processes that affect their communities as an effort towards reconciliation.

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