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TENSES

▪ The natural environment of the surrounding coastal plains started to change drastically as soon as the construction project
had begun.
▪ Once the ordered goods had arrived at the docks, a group of inspectors checked at the quality of the imports and declared
whether they were acceptable or not.
▪ When the three students had damaged a dozen library books, university officials charged them with ‘disorderly conduct’.

Aşağıdaki tabloda verilen zaman bağlaçlarından sonra “The Simple Past Tense” getirilerek “Time Clause”
yapılır. Bu yapıda ana cümle ise “The Past Perfect Tense”dir.

Time Clause Main Clause
Before
By the time
Until / Till + The Simple Past Tense, The Past Perfect Tense
When

▪ The employees had already assembled a committee to represent their interests in the process when the hotel management
announced the upcoming reconstruction.
▪ The fish stocks had been depleted before the officials took the necessary measures to prevent future overfishing.
▪ Until the hurricane hit the country’s east coast, the people of the affected states had never considered their vulnerability to this
natural disaster.
▪ By the time the fire brigade reached the scene, most of the fire victims had managed to escape despite the thick smoke and
falling debris.
“No sooner ... than” ve “hardly / barely / scarcely ... when”, “as soon as” ile aynı anlamı veren kalıplardır. “No
sooner ... than” ve “hardly / barely / scarcely ... when” yapıları cümlenin başında yer alırsa devrik cümle yapısı
kullanılır.
▪ The police officers had no sooner made a move to get off the train and investigate than the doors closed, and the train
pulled away from the station.
▪ No sooner had the police officers made a move to get off the train and investigate than the doors closed, and the train
pulled away from the station.
▪ A ban on whaling had hardly come into force when crews of skippers, workers, and scientists began a feverish search
for loopholes in the regulations.
▪ Hardly had a ban on whaling come into force when crews of skippers, workers, and scientists began a feverish search
for loopholes in the regulations.

8. The Past Perfect Continuous Tense

“The Past Perfect Continuous Tense”de olumlu, olumsuz ve soru yapıları aşağıdaki tabloda gösterildiği gibi oluşturulur. Video 3.20
Affirmative Negative Interrogative
The excavation at the site had been Had the excavation at the site been going
You / We / They The excavation at the site had not been going
I / He / She / It going on before they decided to on before they decided to construct the bridge. on before they decided to construct the
construct the bridge. bridge?
The Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Geçmişte başlayıp yine geçmişte bir noktaya kadar devam eden eylemler
▪ The clothing factory that was closed down in the recession had been running successfully since the early 1900s.
Geçmişte bir noktaya kadar devam etmiş, tamamlanmış fakat etkisi o zaman diliminde görülebilmiş eylemler
▪ When I visited the old neighborhood, I noticed the beautifully landscaped garden that Mrs. Johnson had been tending
for years.
Time Expressions Used in the Past Perfect Continuous Tense
for since how long all when by the time
Video 3.21
▪ How long had the company been struggling before it finally declared bankruptcy due to misguided investment strategies?
▪ By the time the project ended, a great number of educationalists had been actively participating in the process.
▪ Because the students had been sitting for their social sciences exams all morning, their backsides ached.

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